Parents bring in their daughter because they pulled on her arm, and now she is not using it. They are thoroughly convinced that the child’s arm is either broken or dislocated. We all recognize this as radial head subluxation or “nursemaid’s elbow” and immediately attempt to reduce it. The provider takes the injured arm, supinates at the wrist and flexes at the elbow. Does the child scream?
The Case
Parents bring in their daughter because they pulled on her arm, and now she is not using it. They are thoroughly convinced that the child’s arm is either broken or dislocated. We all recognize this as radial head subluxation or “nursemaid’s elbow” and immediately attempt to reduce it. The provider takes the injured arm, supinates at the wrist and flexes at the elbow. Does the child scream? What if nothing happens? Is there an alternative technique to reducing a nursemaid’s elbow?
Hyperpronation Reduction Technique
A 2009 paper by Bek et al described a method of pronation instead of supination-flexion1. The proposed maneuver involves one hand holding the elbow at 90 degrees of flexion and the other hand holding the wrist. The wrist is then hyperpronated to complete the reduction.
Sixty-six patients were randomized to either a traditional supination reduction or the hyperpronation maneuver. If the initial attempt failed, a second attempt was performed. If the second attempt failed, then the alternate method was performed. The bottom-line result was that the hyperpronation technique was 94% successful on the first attempt, compared to supination-flexion at 69%. Furthermore, three patients failed the supination technique (first and second attempt) but were successfully reduced with hyperpronation on the first attempt. Hyperpronation was also subjectively rated as significantly easier than the supination-flexion by the practitioner.
There was also a 2009 Cochrane review comparing these two reduction techniques which summarized findings from three small studies totaling 313 participants who were all under the age of seven years old. Although the studies were flawed because of incomplete reporting and non-blinded methodologies, the hyperpronation technique seems to be more successful and less painful than the supination technique.
In 2013, Gunaydin et al3 prospectively compared the two techniques and found that 68% (56/82) of the supination group and 96% (65/68) of the hyperpronation group were successfully reduced after the first attempt, mirroring the findings by Bek et al. There was, however, no difference seen in pain levels.
We’ve been using hyperpronation for the past several years and love it. In our experience, the maneuver seems less traumatic for the child (and parent). Has anyone else tried it? We would love to hear your experiences!
References
1. Bek D, Yildiz C, Köse O, Sehirlioğlu A, Başbozkurt M. Pronation versus supination maneuvers for the reduction of ‘pulled elbow’: a randomized clinical trial. Eur J Emerg Med. 2009 Jun;16(3):135-8. doi: 10.1097/MEJ.0b013e32831d796a. PubMed PMID: 19262394.
2. Krul M, van der Wouden JC, van Suijlekom-Smit LW, Koes BW. Manipulative interventions for reducing pulled elbow in young children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Oct 7;(4):CD007759. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007759.pub2. Review. Update in: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;1:CD007759. PubMed PMID: 19821438.
3. Gunaydin YK, Katirci Y, Duymaz H, Vural K, Halhalli HC, Akcil M, Coskun F. Comparison of success and pain levels of supination-flexion and hyperpronation maneuvers in childhood nursemaid’s elbow cases. Am J Emerg Med. 2013 Jul;31(7):1078-81. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2013.04.006. Epub 2013 May 20. PubMed PMID: 23702058.
Fred Wu, MHS, PA-C is the Lead Physician Assistant in the Department of Medicine at the Kaweah Delta Medical Center, CEP America.
Michelle Lin , MD is the Associate Professor of Emergeny Medicine at the University of California, San Francisco
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Editor’s Note:
One of the best features of ALiEM is their library of Paucis Verbis cards on select EM topics. Below is our second in a series.
Anaphylaxis
Simons FER. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010;125:S161-81. Arnold JJ, Williams PM. Amer Fam Phys 2011; 84(10):1111-8.
Definition: A serious allergic reaction that is rapid in onset and might cause death
Mechanism: IgE-mediated immune reaction
Pearl: Hypotension is NOT required to diagnose anaphylaxis.
Triggers:
Almost any food, allergens, or medication can be a trigger
• Common culprits: Abx (esp beta-lactams), NSAIDs, peanuts, shellfish
Organ Involvement:
Skin 80-90%, Resp 70%, GI 45%, CV 45%, CNS 15%
Biphasic anaphylaxis pattern:
2nd flare may occur despite trigger removed (typically within 72 hours of onset)
Diagnostic Criteria
(Highly likely if 1 of 3 criteria fulfilled) per 2nd National Institute ofAllergy and ID/Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network
1. Acute onset (min-several hrs) with involvement of skin, mucosa, or both (eg. hives, pruritis, flushing, facial angioedema) AND at least 1 of following:
A. Respiratory compromise (eg. SOB, wheezing, stridor, reduced PEF, hypoxemia)
B. Reduced BP or associated sx of end-organ dysfunction (hypotonia, syncope, incontinence)
2. Two or more of following that occur rapidly after exposure to likely allergen:
A. Involvement of skin-mucosal tissue (eg. hives, itch-flush, facial angioedema)
B. Respiratory compromise (eg. SOB, wheezing, stridor, reduced PEF, hypoxemia)
C. Reduced BP or associated dx (eg. hypotonia, syncope, incontinence)
D. Persistent GI sx (eg. cramping abdominal pain, vomiting)
3. Reduced BP after exposure to known allergen
A. Infants/children: Low SBP (age specific*) or >30% decrease in SBP
B. Adults: SBP <90 mmHg or >30% decrease in person’s baseline
* Low pediatric SBP definitions:
Age 1 mo-1 yr: SBP < 70 mmHg
Age 1 yr-10 yr: SBP < (70 mmHg + [2 x age])
ED Management
Supine position, ABC’s
IM epinephrine STAT. Repeat every 5-15 min if refractory.
0.3-0.5 mg for adults = 0.3-0.5 mL of 1:1000 concentration of epinephrine
0.15 mg for pt wt <30 kg
IM injection into lateral thigh – quickest absorption centrally
IV fluids 2 liters
H1 antagonist (eg. Benadryl)
H2 antagonist (eg. Ranitidine)
Glucocorticoids (eg. Methylprednisolone; may blunt biphasic response)
Albuterol (beta-agonist) nebulizer for wheezing/ lower airway obstruction
Consider: Glucagon 3.5-5 mg IV if refractory to epinephrine and on beta-blockers
If discharging patient home after observation, prescribe epinephrine pen!
more on the web
This article was originally published on the blog Academic Life in Emergency Medicine
AcademicLifeinEM.com
9 Comments
Have been using hyperpronation for the past 3 years without a single failed attempt to date currently. The only additional point I would add is I place my hand under the bent elbow and place my thumb over the radial head to add in reduction while hyperpronating.
I have been using the hyperpronation technique for many years. It is very quick and almost always works. It is easy to teach parents as well.
I always place my left thumb over the radial head. I don’t know if it helps the reduction, but I can usually feel a pop when the radial head reduces.
I pronate until the arm won’t turn easily any more, then give a quick extra tweek and that is when it reduces
Use it all the time though with elbow in extension and works well. It minimizes movement of the elbow as they are often spontaneously in extension.
I hold the elbow in extension with one hand on the distal humerus and one at the wrist, then supinate and give an axial load along the radius (pushing the wrist axially toward the elbow without flexing the elbow). Never seems to fail either (including twice on my own son). I think there are many ways to skin this cat. Good to hear of another one though.
I hold the elbow in extension, with one hand on the distal humerus and one at the wrist, supinate and then provide an axial load along the radius, (pushing the radius toward the elbow without flexing the elbow). Also seems to never fail. I think there are many ways to skin this cat. Good to hear of another one though.
And then the day after writing the above I had one that just wouldn’t go in. I used my way, I used the hyperpronation described above. AArgh, still not in. Then our physiotherapist put in, doing essentially the same thing but just pushing in hard on the lateral aspect of the radial head with his thumb, to push the radial head toward the ulna.
Good to be still learning things.
I realize this article was written a few years ago. I am a parent who was taught this method by a PA when my son, now 8, suffered nursemaid’s elbow probably about 6-8 times, first time around age 2. It was successful every time. I tried it on a neighbor child, who had the same problem, but hers wouldn’t reduce. After 2-3 attempts, I recommended she see a physician. They took her to the ER and the doctor tried to reduce it, without success (I don’t know which method was used). I think they ended up doing an x-ray and in the process it managed to tesolve.
Last night my daughter, age 2, suffered an injury to her arm, which I thought might be nursemaid’s elbow, but when I went to try and reduce it, she was so distraught about it that I was hesitant to try. My son had never been nearly as upset as she was, so I worried that she had a different sort of injury and I didn’t want to cause further damage, so I took her to the ER. The doctor used the supination-flexion1 technique, which was successful. She trained me how to do it and I showed her how I had been taught since I wondered which technique I should use in the future. She said that she had only been taught the way she had shown me. This led to a Google search where I found this article. I am glad to see that the first way I had been shown seems to be more effective, especially since I find it much easier and faster. Thank you!
Elaine: Thanks for sharing your comments. Yes it’s good to know alternative methods in case one doesn’t work. Kudos to you!
I was successful at using the hyperpronation maneuver on my 2 year-old daughter tonight. She needed this radial head reduction at 17 months old. My wife thoughtfully wrote down ‘radial subluxation of the elbow.’
By following your two-sentence explanation, noting your photograph and Dr. Moore’s comments about placement of thumb/pronate fully/tweek and I felt the ‘pop’ in her radius first try.
Very satisfying on a Saturday night; she’s already asleep. She cried louder but in about two minutes was washing her hand and using that arm normally.
I write this comment out of gratitude!